Sunday, October 6, 2019
Ethics Concern in Criminal Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Ethics Concern in Criminal Justice - Term Paper Example This fact has led to a lot of misunderstanding between students and the disciplinary faculties of institutions. These cases have become common since some of the academic ethics tend to contradict the students' rights, thus, resulting in some form of a dilemma (Hendrick 2000). These situations always make students find it difficult to differentiate between what is right and wrong. For instance, one of the academic ethics states that students should not cheat during any exam or test. Cheating here includes things like plagiarism among others. It is notable that a student might have done his personal research on the Internet and got the right answers. But it may be because he never cited his work properly the instructor might declare his work plagiarized. This action taken by the instructor might go against the student’s right to fair treatment due to the fact that the student got the question right, but the instructor degraded him because of improper citations. The other aspect might also come as a fact that the student was a slow learner and never got the concept of citation during the class time, yet the instructor assumed that every student understood the concept. Ethics Applied to Social Behavior Different people from various kinds of walks do have different behaviors. It is also notable that some behavior might affect other people negatively. This negative effect might then force the need of coming up with a solution for the affected ones. However, as much as there will be a need for coming up with a measure to control this behavior, the right of an individual to have a fond behavior should also not be violated (Bergman-Rosaman & Phythian 2011). A perfect example is that of smokers. It is clear that the law allows them to smoke, yet not everyone is ok with the smell of the cigarette smoke. This will then imply that as much as the law allows them to smoke cigarettes, they will need to ethically behave when smoking by isolating themselves in the smoking zones. Consequently, the act of isolating themselves when smoking tends to deny their right to free movement implying that the act is unfair to them (Sutch, 2001). Ethical Injustices that Might Arise When an Individual Is on I nternship Individuals are often subjected to more ethical dilemmas when they change places of work or when they join a new institution or organization. This is mainly because they might be unaware of the cultures and routines of these new environments. The main reason for this is always because some ethical behavior that they might have been used to in their initial institutions or organization might be immoral to the new organization, thus, making them face a dilemma (Bergman-Rosaman & Phythian 2011). Eventually they might forget that they are in a new environment and behave in accordance with their previous institution’s ethics which might be immoral to the new institution. This might then force the institution to subject them to harsh consequences just because of their ignorance or forgetful human nature. This can tend to be unfair to them. For instance, an individual who is used to a casual outfit might find it difficult to adapt to
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Role Model Essay
Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Role Model - Essay Example n-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white except by piety and good action.†The Prophet of Allah was able to establish laws that protected animals, trees and environment. On the other hand, he encouraged trade and ethical investments and secured the workers’ rights. This is why we take Muhammad as our religious role model. With regard to politics, Prophet Muhammad is regarded as a role model because of various reasons. One of the reasons is that he married numerous wives on the basis of humanitarian reasons. Prophet Muhammad is well known for the Jihad which translates to struggle in the way of Allah. The Prophet of Allah believes that we as Muslims should struggle in the ways of Allah both within ourselves and externally. The prophet of God is against anyone who stands against Islam and therefore those opposing the struggle for Allah and oppressing Islam should be persecuted. As Muslims we regard this as holy war. This is also another reason why we take Muhammad as our political role model. He convinced people to leave alcohol, prostitution, crime, drugs and He promoted healthy living (Patricia Crone Pg
Friday, October 4, 2019
Consumer Driven Health Plans and Health Savings Accounts Essay
Consumer Driven Health Plans and Health Savings Accounts - Essay Example ible Spending Accounts such as tax benefits to employees and employers, a portable health program, an attractive incentive program and an affordable approach to health care. They are preferable to other options because they offer portability and are less limited or risk-laden than the HSA. However, they do require a high deductible health plan. In determining the best type of health plan to offer our employees, the option of Health Savings Accounts presented itself as being the best choice for our company situation as a small but growing firm. This paper describes what a Health Savings Account is, addresses the most unique advantages it has to offer with particular emphasis on the advantages offered to small companies and compares this type of program with other consumer driven health plans available. In addition, the disadvantages of Health Savings Accounts are discussed, common questions are posed with answers provided by the Department of Treasury and consumer feedback is offered. A Health Savings Account (HSA), an example of a consumer-driven health plan, offers a distinct alternative to the way in which we work with traditional health insurance programs such as Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) or Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO). One of the greatest advantages of HSAs is that they offer tax breaks that continue to grow wealthier because consumers decide for themselves how to spend less. Patients pay for a greater share of their health care directly and are given more control over the money in their HSA than they would have in more traditional plans. These plans are contingent on the use of a high-deductible health insurance plan that meets specific criteria, which functions to lower costs for employers as well as premiums for employees. Decisions on what types of investments to make with the money are made by the individual consumers without relying on a third party employer relations expert or a health insurer. In addition, each person
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Toy Business Plan Essay Example for Free
Toy Business Plan Essay 1.     executive summary This project proposal is being submitted in fair view of globalised businesses and the success it has achieved. Internet technology is enabling to the growth of SMEs apart from multinational businesses. There is greater scope for new opportunities with optimized skill and knowledge invested as the basic requisite to begin any venture. Times always change and so also generation of entrenpreneurs. There are many advancements in the present technology times, the present generation of people are much faster, quickly grasp and in possess potential abilities at a young age to start off businesses on ownership. On a single platform there is a rapid growth of business with the skills and expertise knowledge in a particular field. There are many developments, changes happening around the world and essentially among all financial independence is the most important in order to live well. With this view, after coming to an understanding, that people who possess excellent business skills and have adequate knowledge to run a business, this business plan of toy currency has been prepared with a motive to serve customers and to provide employment to other people as an income source. Toddlers are the precious customers who are going to making this business much bigger. Toddlers are most individualistic in perception, who do not permit others to involve in play time. Toy currency is being extended to children who are one year old or above who can learn and understand about currency coins, denominations and how it is counted and used. Although the idea of money is a big word for children who are one year old, pronunciation of dollar currency, learning about denominations, counting currency are some of the basics that are being promoted to children. Objective 1 Objective Time frame  ·Ã‚        Dollar currency An excellent product.  ·Ã‚        Educational toy for children Business that can tap toy market.  ·Ã‚        Age group 1year and above Returns in a span of 6-12 months Objective 2 Objective Time frame  ·Ã‚        To entertain and educate children.  ·Ã‚        To market innovative and useful toy products 6-12 months  ·Ã‚        To be a leader in toy industry 3-5 yrs. cash flow graphic 2.     Introduction 2.1.  Purpose The purpose of this business plan is to start a dollar currency game for toddlers as a promotion of education. The proposed education game is non-hazardous and extremely attractive for toddlers as a tool for pre-school learning at home. This business plan requires minimum investment and minimum number of workers whereas its idea is to reach a large pool of customers on a global level. Although the business is not too motivated towards making quick profits, with the entrepreneurs experience and energy, this business would like to expand in future years on a consistent pace marking a reputation in the market. 2.2.  Description of the product/service Product distribution rights are freely available in retail chain and wholesale market apart from franchise outlets. However, the distributors and franchisees are expected to have a permit license to sell toys and also must abide by the legal terms and conditions that are provided by the company. Further wholesalers and retailers are not authorized to claim any legal rights about the toy apart from distribution and sale. The entire ownership and copyrights of toys rest with the manufacturing company. Further apart from consumer market, the toy would also be available for preparatory model schools, kindergarten and upper kindergarten schools. This is permitted in order to bring awareness among schools that such educational toys are also being promoted in order to make teaching skills much easier. 2.3.  Background The motive behind this business is to start an independent unit which is both useful and that sells all through the year without any halt. Both entrepreneurs have excellent business skills, one with a degree in MBA and the other with M.A (Child psychology) Both are of the view that launching an educational toy would be a massive success as this product is presently not available in the market and with this innovative idea, entrepreneurs are also of the opinion that the business would also provide employment to those who are jobless. Appendix I : Details of proprietors. Purchase of on-going concern is also a good idea, as most of the manufacturing equipment, office systems, and manpower are readily available for takeover whereas minimum operating expenses and start-up expenses are the only major expenses.  Another opinion is also stated here that a new set up of business is also a good idea whereas extra efforts and care is required until business takes its shape for start-off and take-off. 2.4.  Assumptions There are absolutely no assumptions that do not materialise or work in a practical manner. This proposed business being a mathematical and educational toy/game for kids; there are no misconeptions about the acceptance and success of currency toy/game in the toy market. 2.5.  Definitions Toy dollar currency : This means that U.S currency in wood or plastic form is designed only for learning or for playing for little children. This currency carries no commercial value or resale value. Wholesaler : Wholesaler is a licensed toy seller who is authorised to distribute toy dollar currency game to retail stores, schools, educational institutions or any other place where pre-school training or learning is provided. Franchisees : Franchisees are those who enter into contract with the entrepreneurs that no other product franchise would be undertaken within the contract period and carry exclusive rights to market toy dollar currency at a global pace with the medium of Internet or through any other effective marketing tool under the disclosure of owners of business. 3.     GENERAL analysis 3.1.  Business Mission The mission of business is to promote healthy, innovative and knowledgeable products for growing generation. In this global arena, it is required that kids have to be in a learning environment which would shape kids in a better way in development of personalities. Globalisation has evolved several global businesses wherein every business produces a new product, new idea, new promotion and motive is ultimately to make quick profits whereas our mission is far distant to such speedy money sources. Business must extend a product that is useful to consumers and in return consumers take care of companies to grow and prosper which is the give-n-take policy of this business. In fact businesses must grow along with consumers which gives a complete satisfaction both to consumers as well to entrepreneurs. The purpose of this product is to assist kids to learn about dollar currency counting in the initial stages of learning. Especially toddlers taste every toy and find out what it is meant for. That is the origin of child psychology. Whether it is a candy or a toy, toddler identifies only by tasting it. Toddlers prefer exclusive premise for breakfast, lunch and dinner and so also for play time. At times, if there is a disturbance to privacy or interest, toddlers yell in order to tell how big and important the meal and play time is. In such instance, a think over plan is here to provide knowledge to toddler about dollar currency beginning from cents. This toy comes in a 30L x 15B box with a 3 steel/plastic rods fixed in it. Coins beginning from 1 cent to 100 cents are fixed to enable toddler to learn counting of cents.    The second rod contains coins beginning from 1 dollar to 100 dollars. The third rod contains coins beginning from 1 million to 100 million. The rods cannot be removed and neither the coins. The toddler can only push from one end to the other by counting cents, dollars and millions. Three colors are chosen for three rods and also for coins for easy identification of coins denomination. There is a provision for learning addition, subtraction, multiplication and division (BODMAS) whereas it is not a must for toddlers. The market served would be entire domestic market and also depending on the marketing methods, export of sales to other countries are expected. In the initial period of launch of product, the owners are expecting a good feedback from wholesalers and franchisees. The pricing of toy would be reasonable costing $5.00 and after when sales pick up in a span of one year or more, there is a probability to increase the selling price by another $1.00. Primarily the owners would like to tap success in toy market by launching this product and also with the motive to satisfy customers who are looking for such educational promoting product. Owners would like to consult parents, buyers and other distributors for feedback and also consider opinions about the product from time to time. Goal of business would be to run a self-sufficient business apart from offering employment to others, as jobs have become necessary particularly in a country like U.S where people are working 16-18 hrs per day doing two or more part/full time jobs, the owners believe that ‘live and let others also live’. Owners are also of the fact that, money making in business is important whereas customer satisfaction is equally important.  Many businesses in the past have proved this fact that ethics in business are very important in order to grow consistently and to stay in business market. Individuals who are educated and mastered the skills for doing excellent business can very well float a business independently instead of working elsewhere and as a matter of fact, there are many housewives and couples who have begun businesses in kitchen which have later grown to be multinationals which reiterates that skill, dedication and customer satisfaction are three variables that have to be looked into to enter business field. 3.2.  Business Structure and Management The proposed business would be a private limited company with two important entrepreneurs as the driving force behind the business plan.  The management considers the advice of business consultants, accountants and legal experts in order to incorporate a private limited company, establish manufacturing unit, and commence business with administrative staff viz., accountant, marketing manager, reception desk and skilled labor . While accountant would be taking care of complete financial system of company, marketing manager would be completely responsible for marketing the product and inform management on daily basis about the feedback and response from the market. Reception would be responding to enquiries for distributors, wholesalers, retailers and other educational institutions and provide complete information to management on every day basis. Workforce would be approximately less or equal to 10 individuals in order to manufacture plastic coins and rods, make carton boxes, arrange and pack and load into transport or deliver the product to the destination.  There should also be provision for trucks, drivers and helping boys to load cartons from one place to another. Further company’s web site neatly designed providing a complete set of information about product, facility for online purchase, email, enquiry form should be made available in order to tap online sales for the product. 3.3.  Market Environment Management is confident that the product would be very well accepted in the market and would increase sales in the first month of its launch. The reason for this assessment is due to the fact that there is no other isolated currency toy in the market at present whereas other games include business as a concept for the age group of above 8yrs which are called as ‘monopoly’ . This game encourages children to count paper currency, buy hotels, resorts, which explain children that business and personal income can be earned in various forms and methods by doing buying and selling with the medium of currency. Similarly, a toddler hardly when one year old, when begins to learn alphabets and digits, a concept of currency counting helps child to gain knowledge about money and how it is counted and what are its forms. This game faces absolutely no competition as it is the first ever toy that is being launched in market for this age group of one year and above especially when it is coming in educational promotion. This does not mean that educational toys are not available in the market. There are many for kindergarten for learning alphabets, maths, science and many other I.Q games and toys. This particular model of toy is not available in the market and with this stance, when a discussion was held, many toy market experts were of the opinion that toy price being moderately low, there is absolutely no question as to why the product cannot tap success and above all, all group of consumers would evince interest in buying this product as it was revealed in a survey. 3.4.  Plant Equipment Plant and equipment required for starting this venture is no more than $50,000 which includes operating expenses. Machinery for manufacture of plastic coins, embossing of currency in various denominations, colouring, printing and steel rods manufacturing machinery and machinery for making 3015 plastic boxes. This is the major equipment that is required in order to manufacture toy currency. 3.5.  Skills Assessment There is a consultant who is experienced and who is an expert in toy market especially in designing currency, who is hired by management until the commencement of business. The guidance of expert is proving to be the most precious for the management in order to train the labor to perform and produce the desired quality of toy. One of the owners is an MBA graduate who completely acquainted with business skills to motivate labor, and maintain good HR practices with workers and employees. Apart from this capital budget, finance budget and forecast of sales is also an expertise field of this MBA graduate entrepreneur. The other owner who is M.A in psychology understands and has the ability to promote this educational toy to schools and educational institutions for bringing awareness about toy currency and its important in development of child psychology. The importance of money can never be taken for granted and it is important for parents and society to train children as how to handle money matters and how a currency can be useful in day-to-day life. In a way, this can be described as teaching of money management for children. 3.6 Risk Analysis At present, owners do not foresee any risks in commencement of business. The SWOT analysis reveals that a great strength and energy exists with owners with the fact that an innovative product is being launched with a motive to serve and educate customers. This concludes another fact that motives matter most in business and good businesses thrive on honest motives. Apart from this, MBA graduate is fully conversant with business laws, legal and corporate laws. M.A child psychology helps even better to launch more number of good toys in the market which is also another strength of the making this business plan a success. There are no possible weaknesses in the business with the fact that both the entrepreneurs have a mixed strength and good motives. Unless there is a massive unforeseen loss or event that hampers the production of business, there is no scope for any crop up of weaknesses. Opportunities are many in toy market. In fact toy market is never saturated unlike other industries. There is always something new and also there is no end for demand and supply. Threats in toy market are although at a moderate percentage, the proposed toy currency is free from any hazards as the children cannot dislocate coins and have to sit at one place and play as long as the interest goes on. Record the SWOT details in Appendix:II 4.     operational plan 4.1.  Key Business Objectives Key business objectives in â€Å"SMART†system are as follows: S – Specific : To promote toy currency as a good product in toy market. The objective of the business is to promote educational products to children under the age of 5. Certainly the motive is not behind making quick money and rather serving customers useful products and definitely making a new pattern of design and mark in business. Therefore, there is a professional code in starting this business which is why the objectives of business are very specific. M – Measurable : The performance of business is forecasted to do extremely well with toy currency entry into the market. Initial sales volume is expected to sell approximately 10000 toys in the first 5 months of launch and thereafter there is a proposal to increase 1000 nos by every month. As this is only an assumption whereas when the product truly available in market, the sales are expected to rise above assumptions. In a span of three years, i.e. by 2010, the business is expected to be really doing well with a proportionate share of sale of product in the toy market. A – Achievable : The targets set before Achievable targets within the limitations of business. Depending on the orders that would be received from various distributors, the production would be made. Although, the start-up appears to be at a low pace, there is a guarantee that future targets would be quite achievable depending on the sales and order volumes recorded each year. R – Results oriented : This business is quite practical and extends knowledge and comfort to customers. There would be no difficulties or any problems that can occur with the usage of product. The product is absolutely result-oriented and there is a premonition that by the end of first month of production, there may be a requirement to double the production in order to meet the demand of product. T – From the very first day business , management is active working operations, collecting feedback, finding new customers, distributors, picking up of orders and paying more attention that quality of goods is perfect. Initially at the end of every month, there would be a trial balance, balance sheet for taking note of sales and profits. Once the financial statements are indicating good sales track and profits, quarterly PL and thereafter half-yearly and yearly. For any business to mark success, time is the essence whereas for this project, there are absolute guarantees for success with the fact that this is an innovative product being manufactured in the interest of future generation of children. Objective 1  ·Ã‚        Objective Time frame  ·Ã‚        Conduct a professional standard  ·Ã‚        Run an efficient business 1-5 yrs  ·Ã‚        Practice business ethics 4.1.1.                                                             Implementation Strategy In this stage of implementation, firstly the incorporation certificate is to be obtained that a private limited company is being incorporated with the name â€Å"Currency Point Pvt Ltd†The two directors would be Bill Joe and Charles who would be busy in commencement of business operations. A suitable location is to be selected for installing machinery to begin production. The premises would include both production and administrative office. Staff and workers have to attend regularly until orders are picked up. Advertisement through brochures, television, classified ads and websites would enable fast pick up of sales. Further designing of website and launching for marketing is also essential. Preparation of monthly sales report, marketing report, Income and expenditure statement and targets for future months have to be recorded on a monthly basis. Suitable guidance, training and advice must be provided to workers and employees in both administration and in production. It is also good to retain employees with the fact that frequent new appointments require excessive time in recruitment, training and guidance. Appendix:IV Development Brief description rationale Cost 2008  ·Ã‚        First year of commencement of business. The objective is to market product and record sales as much as possible 10000 2009  ·Ã‚        Market and sell the product and aim to record a higher sales volume. 20000 2010  ·Ã‚        Increase business volume by exporting and also open RD centre for working on new educational toys for children. 30000 4.2 Marketing 4.2.1Market Research According to the market research conducted, toy currency is not available in the market which is designed especially for toddlers between the age group of 1 and 1 ½ years. 4.2.2       Positioning in the Market There is zero competition from competitors as there are no companies which are manufacturing this product and in fact the management owns the complete credibility of the product from the groundwork till the launch of product into the market. 4.2.3       Pricing Strategy Pricing of the product is fixed at an affordable rate keeping in the view of both poor and middle class families. Toy currency is fixed at $5.00 as MRP price in the market. 4.2.4       Target Market The market focus would be all through the United States and Europe and thereafter marketing would be shifted to Asia, Africa and other parts of the world. Here at this, it is important to take note that if orders being booked for Europe, company management would consider the opinion of customers whether the toy currency should be indicated as ‘Euro’ for European buyers and so also for other parts of the world. It is true that toy is being manufactured in dollar currency, wheras if other global customers prefer regional currencies, a provision is included to manufacture according to the currency required. However, this is only a provision and not mandatory to meet as an obligation in order increase order supplies. Toy currency is aimed at entertaining toddlers whereas if it is entertaining upper age group, this business appreciates the interest. There are no limitations or no rules for customers to buy this product. It is displayed in retail stores for $5.00 and any number of volumes can be purchased with proper billing system. 4.2.5                                                   Distribution Licenced distributors for toys are permitted to distribute toy currency after signing a contract with the company. Depending on the orders, each distributor generates, fixed incentive would be paid. E.g. 500 orders per month would give an incentive of 0.25 cents x 500 = $125.00. This rate of incentive is also applicable for franchisees. Further franchisees are not permitted to promote any other product other than toy currency. 4.2.6                                                   Promotional Strategy Visiting Montessori schools, collecting data about distributors, franchisees, advertisement are some of promotional strategies. These efforts are made in order to market toy currency in various places. The company would like to stay focused with this product at least for a period of 3 years until business is stabilised. Further company promises excellent customers service, packing and forwarding , apart from good methods of publicity through door-to-door campaign, brochures and schools. 4.2.7                                                   Sales Targets The first year of selling is targeted to be at least 10,000 nos. The second year of selling is targeted to be 50,000 nos and the third year of selling is targeted to be 100000 and above. One of the reason to target an increase by 100 fold is the pricing of toy currency is at an affordable rate and it can purchased by every parent. 4.3. Financial Plan. 4.3.1       Start-up Capital Description Budget-Amt Incorporation expenses $ 1,000 Premises for Rent $ 4,000 Machinery $ 60,000 Installation $     500 Electricity and fixtures, fittings $  1,000 Raw materials $ 10,000 Miscellaneous $     500 Total $ 77,000 Loan financing $ 100,000 Here there is a margin of $ 23000 as a safe mode of operation in order to meet other expenses if any occur at the time of production. 4.3.3 Assessment of Financial Viability of Proposed Business Owners are not investing any amount and financing of $100000 is sought from SBA or from other FIs and the repayment would be yearly $ 5000 which would take 20 months to refund entire loan amount. The cost of manufacturing of each toy currency box at production level would be $4.00 and with a profit of $1.00 the product would be marketed in consumer market. This margin of profit if it is maintained, depending on the sales, the company can record huge volume of business even in the first year of business. For e.g. $ 5.00 x 10,000 = 50,000 (profit = S.P – C.P, $ 50,000 $ 40,000 = $ 10,000) If it is assumed that in the first 6 months on an average there is a sale of 10,000 nos the profit is $ 10,000 and this is after payment of salaries and expenses, which is reasonably good. Breakeven = Operating expenses / Gross profit margin Operating expenses Gross profit margin Breakeven 2008 $ 15,000  $ 20,000 0.75 2009 $ 10,000 $ 120,000 0.83 2010 $ 12,000 $ 220,000 0.054 4.3.4       Cash Flow/Cash Position  Cash flow on monthly basis is expected to be moderately good. It can be further calculated as on an average if there is a sale of 200 nos per day 15 x $ 5.00 = $ 750 and monthly cash flow would be $ 750 x 26 (exclude Sundays) $ 19,500. If this is carried forward on for 12 months $ 19,500 x 12 = $ 234,000. The proposed annual cash flow at the end of three years would be $ 234000 x 3 = $ 702,000. Out of the above, it is required to exclude salaries, tax payments and raw material expenses or any other expenses such as depreciation to machinery, rent and payment of electricity bills. 4.3.5                            Profit and Loss Depending on the sales, a forecast of profit is made approximately to $ 10,000 in the first year as $ 10,000 and for three years the profit would be $ 30,000. 4.3.6                            Balance Sheet The equity share capital which is invested to an extent of $ 100,000 is used in fixed assets and in commencement of business. 4.3.7 Ratio Calculations Profitability = Earnings after Taxes / Sales I year : 12000/100,000 = 0.12 II year : 28000/200,000 = 0.14 III year: 192000/300,000 = 0.64 Return on Assets = Earnings after Assets / Total Assets APPENDIX I – CURRICULUM VITAE OF DIRECTORS Name : Bill Joe Age    : 26 yrs Education : M.B.A from Kelloggs school of business. Experience : 2 years as Business executive in Stand Still Toys Ltd., Los Angeles. Skills Category Grading of Skills Underdeveloped        Well Developed List of relevant skill categories 1 2 3 4 5 Dynamic, energetic and potential abilities √ Excellent business and marketing skills √ Good and hardworking √ Name : Charles Age   : 26 yrs Education : M.A in Child psychology from St.Mary’s University, California Experience : 2 years as Schoolteacher in St.Paul’s model school, Los Angeles. Skills Category Grading of Skills Underdeveloped        Well Developed List of relevant skill categories 1 2 3 4 5 Dynamic, energetic and potential abilities √ Excellent educational skills √ Good and hardworking √ APPENDIX II – SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES  ·Ã‚        Education and experience OPPORTUNITIES THREATS  ·Ã‚        Great scope for developing new toys. APPENDIX III – TIMELINE OF GOALS OBJECTIVES First Year Operation Development Brief description rationale Cost First year-2008 Establishing business  ·Ã‚        Production, marketing and selling. $ 100,000 Second year-2009 Pick up of sales  ·Ã‚        Increase in sales volume $ 200,000 Third year-2010 Stabilise business  ·Ã‚        Domestic and export market $ 300,000 APPENDIX IV – MARKETING IMPLEMENTATION PLAN BUDGET  Marketing Plan Implementation Plan Budget for MI First year-2008 Establishing business and reach out for consumers Production and supply of product in domestic market. $ 100,000 Second year-2009 Identify new areas Increase in sales volume $ 200,000 Third year-2010 Stabilise business Domestic and export market $ 300,000 Appendix V Cash Flow Projections Cash flow statement Sources of funds 2008 2009 2010 Beginning cash 40,000 50,000 60,000 Sales / Income 100,000 200,000 300,000 Contributed capital 100,000 Available cash $140,000 $250,000 $360,000 Usage of funds Salaries 15,000 25,000 30,000 Operating expenses 15,000 10,000 12,000 Loan payments 0 5,000 5,000 5,000 Tax payments 2,000 2,000 2,000 Total cash out $27,000 $47,000 $49,000 Net cash flow $140,000 $250,000 $360,000 PROFIT AND LOSS Profit and Loss Account  2008 2009 2010 Total Sales 100,000 200,000 300,000 Cost of sales 80,000 160,000 240,000 Gross profit 20,000 40,000 60,000 Expenses Electricity, phone and internet 1,000 1,000 1,000 Travelling charges 1,000 500 500 Marketing 1,000 500 500 Raw material 5,000 10,000 20,000 Net profit $12,000 28,000 $38,000 BALANCE SHEET Balance Sheet 2008 2009 2010 Assets Cash and dues 40,000 35,000 30,000 Machinery 60,000 60,000 60,000 Total Assets Liabilities Loan 100,000 95,000 90,000 Total Assets 100,000 95,000 90,000 Total Liabilities 100,000 95,000 90,000 References The Business Plan is not Just a Plan, but Selling a Document Accessed January 11, 2008 http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/bp_startup_byvk.html Get the most out of your planning by setting smart objectives Accessed January 11, 2008 from http://www.smartmonkeymarketing.co.uk/news.php?a=20070612-1-SmartObjectives Three year projected income statement Accessed January 11, 2008 http://www.state.co.us/oed/sbdc/business/threeyear.pdf NxLeveLâ„ ¢Ã‚ Entrepreneur Business Plans Accessed January 11, 2008 http://www.nxlevel.org/download/123321_c_sU128881_s_i1591/e+bp+sum.doc
Wednesday, October 2, 2019
The Young Persons Development Children And Young People Essay
The Young Persons Development Children And Young People Essay Parents that are going through a marriage breakdown, divorce and separation can be stressful for all involved particularly the children/young person. They can become emotionally withdrawn and suffer a lack of confidence which can create low self esteem. Due to family upheaval, they may lose focus in their own abilities and suffer mentally. Similarly, children from single parent families may suffer from a lack of a male/female role model which can cause social stigma. Dual parents and lone parents may have to work long hours, leaving little room for direct social, emotional and intellectual support. Becoming part of a new step-family through a parent meeting a new partner can cause friction between children from each side. This could lead the child/young person to become socially and emotionally withdrawn which could increase the risk of bullying by peers. Having numerous siblings can have an impact on children causing additional needs to be met. Children may feel frustrated with lack of attention within the home and also may be required to assist with siblings needs which could cause social and emotional problems. Additionally, becoming a brother/sister to a new sibling for the first time can be stressful and having to adapt to not being an only child can be difficult at first and can create an emotional strain on the child. Being part of a social care system through neglect, physical/emotional abuse and loss of parent can prove difficult for children and although this can largely be a positive experience for many, it can also lead to problems within all areas of development particularly in relation to social and emotional areas. Having a sick parent/carer can be extremely challenging for children, their social and emotional wellbeing can be affected with having to endure possible social stigma and suffer emotionally if not supported in the correct manner. Time off from school may cause intellectual issues and additional help may be required. Family bereavement can be extremely traumatic for children even when a child/young person has been prepared. This can create emotional strain and unexpected outbursts of emotion should be expected. Socially, children may feel different from their peers who havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t experienced bereavement. They may suffer intellectually due to missing school days and also concentration and behaviour may be affected when they are in school. Moving house and/or area can be difficult for children as they have to adjust to a whole new social situation with changing schools and adapting to new routines. Children may become socially introverted and display high levels of emotion. Cultural differences can affect a child/young person through English being spoken as a second language which can cause a lack of confidence at school and additional intellectual support being required. Health There can be many health aspects that affect a child/young personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s development. Children become extremely resilient and are often able to manage their conditions very well; however, certain aspects of their development can prove challenging throughout periods of ill health. Children may suffer from conditions such as asthma, which if not well controlled, can cause children to have extended periods of time off from school. This in turn leads to intellectual development being compromised as well as social development due to relationships not being maintained. Disability in children, whether it be physical or intellectual can be particularly difficult. A child that has a hearing impairment may suffer physically through loss of balance or socially through having to communicate in alternative ways such as sign language/makaton. A physical disability such as Cerebral Palsy can be physically challenging due to being restricted in taking part in certain activities. This can affect social situations due to these restrictions and can affect a child/young person emotionally questioning why they are different causing low self-esteem. Being diagnosed with a serious illness such as cancer as a child/young person can also prove to lead to developmental issues. All areas of development can be compromised, intellectually, through missing school and being too ill to complete set work. They may suffer physically depending on the specific illness causing them to be weak and/or in too much pain and discomfort to complete physical activities. Socially they may be too ill to interact with others and/or maintain friendships. They may also become emotionally withdrawn and find it difficult to cope with their emotions. Allergies affect many children, particularly food allergies; this in turn can lead to social problems as they may become excluded from certain situations where their allergies are not known. In contrast they may feel a certain social stigma as their allergies are highlighted, for example; when eating lunch at school, they may be required to wear a special badge which shows their allergies, causing them to feel different from their peers. They have to be more physically aware of their condition and how this can cause changes in their body and manage this accordingly. Environment Environmental factors can play a huge part in affecting a child/young personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s development. These can vary from cultural factors to living conditions. Children/young people from less advantaged backgrounds who live in poverty can have their development seriously compromised. They are less likely to have educational support from parents/carers which in turn creates intellectual problems for the child/young person. This is further influenced by having a lack of learning resources available such as access to computers and books. They may become disillusioned with education from an early age which sets them on a path of social and emotional turmoil. Also, they may suffer socially by not being able to participate in certain paid activities offered through school and outside school which means they interact less in physical activities. They may also feel that they cannot compete with their peers with regards to fashion trends and owning the latest technology. They might not seem to be as physically strong as their peers; parents/carers might experience difficulty in providing healthy, regular meals which can cause problems with their phy sical well-being. Their emotions can seem quite immature at times and they may well become emotionally withdrawn but also prone to emotional outbursts associated with behavioural difficulties, displaying a lack of attention.
Abortion Essay -- Research Papers Pregnancy Papers
Abortion â€Å"Abortion is a procedure, either surgical or medical, to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the uterus.†This definition (A.D.A.M., 2003) is a dry medical definition that lacks meaning. This paper attempts to apply meaning to this dry definition, and in doing so, will show the less known and less published side of abortion; the human side. A Brief History Archaeologists have recently uncovered Roman ruins that contain the evidence of aborted children, abandoned children, and children that were destroyed just after birth (infanticide); all of these bodies were recovered from a brothel. Fast forwarding a few hundred years, Thomas Aquinas wrote on the evils of abortion, and the moral implications of such a practice in a civilized society. These two examples of â€Å"ancient†history show that abortion has been around a long, long time, and has been used as a means of birth control, to end unwanted pregnancies, for some time now; it is not a recent development. The act of destroying the young before birth has been present in the world for a while, however, but it has been only in the last century that this problem has reached an epidemic proportion. In the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, the first abortion legislation in the United States was proposed, mainly concerned with the application of penalties for illegal a bortions; outlines what abortions would be considered legal. It should be noted, that these early proposals wanted to legalize abortion for reasons including the mental or physical health of the mother, pregnancy due to rape and incest, and fetal deformity (NRLC, 2003). In the late 1960’s forms of the earlier abortion legislation was passed in a few states; the number of states... ... of people out there that are able to think for themselves, based on the given facts and evidence. I would like to commend everyone in the class for giving me an opportunity to enjoy their views on life, for it helped me to better understand my own views. Bibliography The Boycott List. Life Decisions International. Washington. 2002 â€Å"Life and death before birth.†Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life 2003 Pro-life Resource Book. MCCL. Minneapolis. 2002 Heritage House 76. 2003. Arguments of Abortion. [Online]. http://www.abortionfacts.com/parsing_the_arguments/parsing_the_arguments.asp [Dec 14, 2003] Heritage House 76. 2003. History of Abortion. [Online]. http://www.abortionfacts.com/history/history.asp [Dec 14, 2003] NRLC. 2003. Abortion: Some Medical Facts. [Online]. http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/ASMF/asmf.html [Dec 02, 2003] Abortion Essay -- Research Papers Pregnancy Papers Abortion â€Å"Abortion is a procedure, either surgical or medical, to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the uterus.†This definition (A.D.A.M., 2003) is a dry medical definition that lacks meaning. This paper attempts to apply meaning to this dry definition, and in doing so, will show the less known and less published side of abortion; the human side. A Brief History Archaeologists have recently uncovered Roman ruins that contain the evidence of aborted children, abandoned children, and children that were destroyed just after birth (infanticide); all of these bodies were recovered from a brothel. Fast forwarding a few hundred years, Thomas Aquinas wrote on the evils of abortion, and the moral implications of such a practice in a civilized society. These two examples of â€Å"ancient†history show that abortion has been around a long, long time, and has been used as a means of birth control, to end unwanted pregnancies, for some time now; it is not a recent development. The act of destroying the young before birth has been present in the world for a while, however, but it has been only in the last century that this problem has reached an epidemic proportion. In the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, the first abortion legislation in the United States was proposed, mainly concerned with the application of penalties for illegal a bortions; outlines what abortions would be considered legal. It should be noted, that these early proposals wanted to legalize abortion for reasons including the mental or physical health of the mother, pregnancy due to rape and incest, and fetal deformity (NRLC, 2003). In the late 1960’s forms of the earlier abortion legislation was passed in a few states; the number of states... ... of people out there that are able to think for themselves, based on the given facts and evidence. I would like to commend everyone in the class for giving me an opportunity to enjoy their views on life, for it helped me to better understand my own views. Bibliography The Boycott List. Life Decisions International. Washington. 2002 â€Å"Life and death before birth.†Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life 2003 Pro-life Resource Book. MCCL. Minneapolis. 2002 Heritage House 76. 2003. Arguments of Abortion. [Online]. http://www.abortionfacts.com/parsing_the_arguments/parsing_the_arguments.asp [Dec 14, 2003] Heritage House 76. 2003. History of Abortion. [Online]. http://www.abortionfacts.com/history/history.asp [Dec 14, 2003] NRLC. 2003. Abortion: Some Medical Facts. [Online]. http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/ASMF/asmf.html [Dec 02, 2003]
Tuesday, October 1, 2019
Modularity in Development
Modularity is found in all facets of life and is very important in the biological development of an organism. Simon (1962)(in Gilbert, 7th ed.) argued that modularity is important in nature for the design and description of complex systems at all levels. He gave the example of two matchmakers to explain how modularity is important in the stable development of complicated system. Living beings are not composed of hierarchies. â€Å"Each entity is an organized array of constituent modular parts, and at the same time, the constituent of a larger module.†(Gilbert S., 7th ed.) These modules interact among themselves to form a larger coherent module. An evolutionary module is characterized as a unit that functions as an individual in respect of three processes of replication, interaction and evolution. (Lewontin (1970), in Bolker, 2000) One level in which modularity is clearly seen is in the later stages of embryonic development. According to Bonner (1988, in Gilbert 1998, pp.172), â€Å"Modularity is associated with ‘gene nets’ that can participate in many different aspects of development.†This happens through discrete and interacting modules. Klingenberg has defined modules as â€Å"units that are internally coherent by manifold interactions of their parts, but are relatively autonomous from other such units with which they are connected by fewer or weaker interactions.†(Klingenberg, 2002) Modules are, therefore, said to be â€Å"individualized†units separate from their surroundings. Raff listed the characteristics of developmental modules in his definition. He said that modules must possess certain â€Å"discrete specification, hierarchical organization, interactions with other modules, a particular physical location within a developing organism, and the ability to undergo transformations on both developmental and evolutionary time scales.†(Raff 1996, qtd. in Bolker, 2000) He explained that modules are â€Å"dynamic entities†which represent localized processes as seen in morphogenetic fields rather than â€Å"simply incipient structures†like organ rudiments. Modules are found to have external connectivity along with internal integration. So, modules allow for the three processes of dissociation, duplication and divergence, and cooption. (Raff 1997, qtd in Gilbert, 1998) Dissociation lets one module change without affecting other modules and that, in turn, permits heterochrony. Dissociation also allows allometry, letting different parts grow at different rates. The principles of duplication and divergence are seen in the variations of themes produced by morphogenetic fields. These are seen in different sizes and shapes of teeth, and the difference in hind limb and forelimb. Modularity also permits cooption, such that the same module can create both, jaws in fishes and mammalian middle ear cartilage. (Gould 1990, in Gilbert 1998) Modules can also undergo developmental and evolutionary change separately from other modules. The signaling interactions within modules over a distance are carried out by morphogens (Neumann, Kersberg, Ferguson, Gudon and Bouiillot, qtd. Klingenberg, 2002) These are proteins of families like FGF, hedgehog, Wnt or TGF-?, or molecules like retinoic acid. These are termed as â€Å"panacrine†factors. These factors stimulate the transcription factors in cells through the signal transduction cascades between them. This brings about a stimulation of a specific feature or factor in the cells in a module. Each module in an embryo makes a different level of a living entity. E.g. a cell is a part of tissue and organelles are parts of cells. Organelles must function to make a coherent cell and cells must function to make a coherent tissue. Modular units lets different parts of the embryo develop without interfering with other units. So development occurs through discrete and interacting modules. According to Keller (1986) (in Bolker, 2000), the best-characterized module is the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) of the â€Å"Xenopus†gastrula. It fulfills all the necessary criteria for a module. It can be physically isolated from the rest of the embryo and still undergo shape change, so it can be said that convergent extension is intrinsic to DMZ; the force-generating function is uniquely localized to DMZ; all cells within the DMZ interact to produce overall shape change; and lastly, this region can be identified in other amphibian embryos and related fish, like sturgeon. Other modules, apart from morphogenetic fields, are imaginal discs, like the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila; cell lineages like inner cell mass or trophoblast, insect parasgments, and vertebrate organ rudiments, somites, rhombomeres in flies, RTK-Ras or Wnt, or IP3 pathways are also considered to be developmental and evolutionary modules. Katherine Anderson first discovered a morphogenetic determinant i.e. an mRNA for the snake protein in her laboratory of Cristiane N?sslein Volhard. â€Å"She rescued eggs from homozygous snake mothers by injecting them with small amounts of cytoplasm from wild eggs.†(Gilbert, 1998) Instead of an entire dorsal cuticle being developed, the dorsoventral pattern was restored in them. They also carried out experiments on Drosophila. They showed that a morphogen could be stored as mRNA, but it could be localized to a region of cytoplasm. Modules can associate with other modules in new ways. Examples at molecular level are proteins like ?-catenin, which can be either a part of Wnt pathway or a cell adhesion factor. At cellular level, the Hedgehog module, which is used to make a border in insect blastoderm, is later used in making eyespots of the wing (Keys et al 1999, in Gilbert, seventh ed.). Buffering of modules is also seen, e.g. the â€Å"double assurance†of Spemann (1927) (in Gilbert, 7th ed.) Modules play an important role in evolution. Evolutionary biologists consider modules as sub-units or components of a larger system. Averof and Patel (1994) showed that the pattern of Ubx and abd-A Hox gene expression correlates with the presence or absence of the modification of thoracic limbs and feeding maxillipeds.(Gilbert, 1998) The maxillipeds form only when the genes are inactive. In vertebrates, the distinction between cervical and thoracic vertebrae, and that between cervical and lumbar vertebrae is mediated by Hox genes. This is apart from the main role in development. Thus, modular units play important parts in an embryo. Works Cited Gilbert, Scott. â€Å"Modules: Key Pieces in the Integration of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology.†Chapter 23. Developmental Biology. Seventh Edition. [Online] Klingenberg, Christian P. 2002. â€Å"Integration, modules, and development: molecules to morphology to evolution.†[Online] Bolker, J.A. 2000. â€Å"Modularity in Development and Why It Matters to Evo-Devo.†American Zoologist, 40:770–776, 2000. [Online] Gilbert, Scott F. 1998. â€Å"Conceptual Breakthroughs in Developmental Biology.†Journal of Biosciences, 23, No. 3, Sep 1998, pp. 169-176. Indian Academy of Sciences. [Online]     Â
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